Extending Partitions and File Systems for System Disks (Linux)¶
Scenarios¶
After a disk has been expanded on the management console, the disk size is enlarged, but the additional space cannot be used directly.
In Linux, you must allocate the additional space to an existing partition or a new partition.
This section uses CentOS 7.4 64bit and CentOS 6.5 64bit as the sample OSs to describe how to extend the disk partition using growpart and fdisk. The method for allocating the additional space varies with the server OS. This section is used for reference only. For detailed operations and differences, see the corresponding OS documents.
For how to query the Linux kernel version, see Querying the Linux Kernel Version.
Extending an Existing MBR Partition (Kernel Version Later Than 3.6.0)
Extending an Existing MBR Partition (Kernel Version Earlier Than 3.6.0)
Important
Performing the expansion operations with caution. Misoperation may lead to data loss or exceptions. Therefore, you are advised to back up the disk data using CBR or snapshots before expansion. For details about using CBR, see Managing EVS Backups. For details about using snapshots, see Creating a Snapshot.
Prerequisites¶
You have expanded the disk capacity and attached the disk to a server on the management console. For details, see Expanding Capacity for an In-use EVS Disk or Expanding Capacity for an Available EVS Disk.
You have logged in to the server.
For how to log in to an ECS, see the Elastic Cloud Server User Guide.
For how to log in to a BMS, see the Bare Metal Server User Guide.
Querying the Linux Kernel Version¶
Run the following command to query the Linux kernel version:
uname -a
Then, perform corresponding operations depending on whether the Linux kernel version is later than 3.6.0.
For CentOS 7.4 64bit, information similar to the following is displayed:
Linux ecs-test-0001 3.10.0-957.5.1.el7.x86_64 #1 SMP Fri Feb 1 14:54:57 UTC 2019 x86_64 x86_64
The kernel version is 3.10.0, which is later than 3.6.0. For subsequent operations, see Extending an Existing MBR Partition (Kernel Version Later Than 3.6.0).
For CentOS 6.5 64bit, information similar to the following is displayed:
Linux ecs-test-0002 2.6.32-754.10.1.el6.x86_64 #1 SMP Tue Jan 15 17:07:28 UTC 2019 x86_64
The kernel version is 2.6.32, which is earlier than 3.6.0. In this case, the disk partition and file system extension take effect only after a server reboot. For subsequent operations, see Extending an Existing MBR Partition (Kernel Version Earlier Than 3.6.0).
Extending an Existing MBR Partition (Kernel Version Later Than 3.6.0)¶
CentOS 7.4 64bit is used as the sample OS. Originally, system disk /dev/vda has 40 GiB and one partition (/dev/vda1), and then 60 GiB is added to the disk. The following procedure shows you how to allocate the additional 60 GiB to the existing MBR partition /dev/vda1.
(Optional) Run the following command to install the growpart tool:
yum install cloud-utils-growpart
Note
You can run the growpart command to check whether the growpart tool has been installed. If the command output displays the tool usage instructions, the tool has been installed and you do not need to install it separately.
Run the following command to view the total capacity of the /dev/vda system disk:
fdisk -l
Information similar to the following is displayed:
[root@ecs-test-0001 ~]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/vda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes, 209715200 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x000bcb4e Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/vda1 * 2048 83886079 41942016 83 Linux
Run the following command to view the capacity of the /dev/vda1 partition:
df -TH
Information similar to the following is displayed:
[root@ecs-test-0001 ~]# df -TH Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/vda1 ext4 43G 2.0G 39G 5% / devtmpfs devtmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev tmpfs tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev/shm tmpfs tmpfs 2.0G 9.0M 2.0G 1% /run tmpfs tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup tmpfs tmpfs 398M 0 398M 0% /run/user/0
Run the following command to extend the partition using growpart:
growpart System disk Partition number
In this example, run the following command:
growpart /dev/vda 1
Information similar to the following is displayed:
[root@ecs-test-0001 ~]# growpart /dev/vda 1 CHANGED: partition=1 start=2048 old: size=83884032 end=83886080 new: size=209713119,end=209715167
Run the following command to extend the file system of the partition:
resize2fs Disk partition
In this example, run the following command:
resize2fs /dev/vda1
Information similar to the following is displayed:
[root@ecs-test-0001 ~]# resize2fs /dev/vda1 resize2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Filesystem at /dev/vda1 is mounted on /; on-line resizing required old_desc_blocks = 5, new_desc_blocks = 13 The filesystem on /dev/vda1 is now 26214139 blocks long.
Run the following command to view the new capacity of the /dev/vda1 partition:
df -TH
Information similar to the following is displayed:
[root@ecs-test-0001 ~]# df -TH Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/vda1 ext4 106G 2.0G 99G 2% / devtmpfs devtmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev tmpfs tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /dev/shm tmpfs tmpfs 2.0G 9.0M 2.0G 1% /run tmpfs tmpfs 2.0G 0 2.0G 0% /sys/fs/cgroup tmpfs tmpfs 398M 0 398M 0% /run/user/0
Extending an Existing MBR Partition (Kernel Version Earlier Than 3.6.0)¶
Important
If the OS kernel version is earlier than 3.6.0, the extension of an existing MBR disk partition and file system takes effect only after a server reboot, and services will be interrupted.
CentOS 6.5 64bit is used as the sample OS. Originally, system disk /dev/vda has 40 GiB and one partition (/dev/vda1), and then 60 GiB is added to the disk. The following procedure shows you how to allocate the additional 60 GiB to the existing MBR partition /dev/vda1.
(Optional) Run the following command to install the growpart tool:
yum install cloud-utils-growpart
Note
You can run the growpart command to check whether the growpart tool has been installed. If the command output displays the tool usage instructions, the tool has been installed and you do not need to install it separately.
Run the following command to install the dracut-modules-growroot tool:
yum install cloud-utils-growpart
Information similar to the following is displayed:
[root@ecs-test-0002 ~]# yum install cloud-utils-growpart Loaded plugins: fastestmirror, security Setting up Install Process Determining fastest mirrors ... Package cloud-utils-growpart-0.27-10.el6.x86_64 already installed and latest version Nothing to do
Run the following command to regenerate the initramfs file:
dracut -f
Run the following command to view the total capacity of the /dev/vda system disk:
fdisk -l
Information similar to the following is displayed:
[root@ecs-test-0002 ~]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/vda: 107.4 GB, 107374182400 bytes 255 heads, 63 sectors/track, 13054 cylinders Units = cylinders of 16065 * 512 = 8225280 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk identifier: 0x0004e0be Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/vda1 * 1 5222 41942016 83 Linux
Run the following command to view the capacity of the /dev/vda1 partition:
df -TH
Information similar to the following is displayed:
[root@ecs-test-0002 ~]# df -TH Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/vda1 ext4 43G 1.7G 39G 5% / tmpfs tmpfs 2.1G 0 2.1G 0% /dev/shm
Run the following command to extend the partition using growpart:
growpart System disk Partition number
In this example, run the following command:
growpart /dev/vda 1
Information similar to the following is displayed:
[root@ecs-test-0002 ~]# growpart /dev/vda 1 CHANGED: partition=1 start=2048 old: size=83884032 end=83886080 new: size=209710462,end=209712510
Run the following command to restart the server:
reboot
After the server is restarted, reconnect to the server and perform the following steps.
Run the following command to extend the file system of the partition:
resize2fs Disk partition
In this example, run the following command:
resize2fs /dev/vda1
Information similar to the following is displayed:
[root@ecs-test-0002 ~]# resize2fs /dev/vda1 resize2fs 1.41.12 (17-May-2010) The filesystem is already 26213807 blocks long. Nothing to do!
Run the following command to view the new capacity of the /dev/vda1 partition:
df -TH
Information similar to the following is displayed:
[root@ecs-test-0002 ~]# df -TH Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/vda1 ext4 106G 1.7G 99G 2% / tmpfs tmpfs 2.1G 0 2.1G 0% /dev/shm
Creating a New MBR Partition¶
Originally, system disk /dev/vda has 40 GiB and one partition (/dev/vda1), and then 40 GiB is added to the disk. The following procedure shows you how to create a new MBR partition /dev/vda2 with this 40 GiB.
Run the following command to view the disk partition information:
fdisk -l
Information similar to the following is displayed:
[root@ecs-2220 ~]# fdisk -l Disk /dev/vda: 85.9 GB, 85899345920 bytes, 167772160 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x0008d18f Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/vda1 * 2048 83886079 41942016 83 Linux
In the command output, the capacity of the dev/vda system disk is 80 GiB, in which the in-use dev/vda1 partition takes 40 GiB and the additional 40 GiB has not been allocated.
Run the following command to enter fdisk:
fdisk /dev/vda
Information similar to the following is displayed:
[root@ecs-2220 ~]# fdisk /dev/vda Welcome to fdisk (util-linux 2.23.2). Changes will remain in memory only, until you decide to write them. Be careful before using the write command. Command (m for help):
Enter n and press Enter to create a new partition.
Information similar to the following is displayed:
Command (m for help): n Partition type: p primary (1 primary, 0 extended, 3 free) e extended
There are two types of disk partitions:
Choosing p creates a primary partition.
Choosing e creates an extended partition.
Note
If the MBR partition style is used, a maximum of 4 primary partitions, or 3 primary partitions and 1 extended partition can be created. The extended partition cannot be used directly and must be divided into logical partitions before use.
Disk partitions created using GPT are not categorized.
In this example, a primary partition is created. Therefore, enter p and press Enter to create a primary partition.
Information similar to the following is displayed:
Select (default p): p Partition number (2-4, default 2):
Partition number 2 is used in this example. Therefore, enter 2 and press Enter.
Information similar to the following is displayed:
Partition number (2-4, default 2): 2 First sector (83886080-167772159, default 83886080):
Enter the new partition's start sector and press Enter. In this example, the default start sector is used.
The system displays the start and end sectors of the partition's available space. You can customize the value within this range or use the default value. The start sector must be smaller than the partition's end sector.
Information similar to the following is displayed:
First sector (83886080-167772159, default 83886080): Using default value 83886080 Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (83886080-167772159,default 167772159):
Enter the new partition's end sector and press Enter. In this example, the default end sector is used.
The system displays the start and end sectors of the partition's available space. You can customize the value within this range or use the default value. The start sector must be smaller than the partition's end sector.
Information similar to the following is displayed:
Last sector, +sectors or +size{K,M,G} (83886080-167772159, default 167772159): Using default value 167772159 Partition 2 of type Linux and of size 40 GiB is set Command (m for help):
Enter p and press Enter to view the new partition.
Information similar to the following is displayed:
Command (m for help): p Disk /dev/vda: 85.9 GB, 85899345920 bytes, 167772160 sectors Units = sectors of 1 * 512 = 512 bytes Sector size (logical/physical): 512 bytes / 512 bytes I/O size (minimum/optimal): 512 bytes / 512 bytes Disk label type: dos Disk identifier: 0x0008d18f Device Boot Start End Blocks Id System /dev/vda1 * 2048 83886079 41942016 83 Linux /dev/vda2 83886080 167772159 41943040 83 Linux Command (m for help):
Enter w and press Enter to write the changes to the partition table.
Information similar to the following is displayed:
Command (m for help): w The partition table has been altered! Calling ioctl() to re-read partition table. WARNING: Re-reading the partition table failed with error 16: Device or resource busy. The kernel still uses the old table. The new table will be used at the next reboot or after you run partprobe(8) or kpartx(8) Syncing disks.
The partition is created.
Note
In case that you want to discard the changes made before, you can exit fdisk by entering q.
Run the following command to synchronize the new partition table to the OS:
partprobe
Run the following command to set the file system format for the new partition:
mkfs -t File system Disk partition
Sample command of the ext* file system:
(The ext4 file system is used in this example.)
mkfs -t ext4 /dev/vda2
Information similar to the following is displayed:
[root@ecs-2220 ~]# mkfs -t ext4 /dev/vda2 mke2fs 1.42.9 (28-Dec-2013) Filesystem label= OS type: Linux Block size=4096 (log=2) Fragment size=4096 (log=2) Stride=0 blocks, Stripe width=0 blocks 2621440 inodes, 10485760 blocks 524288 blocks (5.00%) reserved for the super user First data block=0 Maximum filesystem blocks=2157969408 320 block groups 32768 blocks per group, 32768 fragments per group 8192 inodes per group Superblock backups stored on blocks: 32768, 98304, 163840, 229376, 294912, 819200, 884736, 1605632, 2654208, 4096000, 7962624 Allocating group tables: done Writing inode tables: done Creating journal (32768 blocks): done Writing superblocks and filesystem accounting information: done
Sample command of the xfs file system:
mkfs -t xfs /dev/vda2
Information similar to the following is displayed:
[root@ecs-2220 ~]# mkfs -t xfs /dev/vda2 meta-data=/dev/vda2 isize=512 agcount=4, agsize=2621440 blks = sectsz=512 attr=2, projid32bit=1 = crc=1 finobt=0, sparse=0 data = bsize=4096 blocks=10485760, imaxpct=25 = sunit=0 swidth=0 blks naming =version2 bsize=4096 ascii-ci=0 ftype=1 log =internal log bsize=4096 blocks=5120, version=2 = sectsz=512 sunit=0 blks, lazy-count=1 realtime =none extsz=4096 blocks=0, rtextents=0
The formatting takes a while, and you need to observe the system running status. Once done is displayed in the command output, the formatting is complete.
(Optional) Run the following command to create a mount point:
Perform this step if you want to mount the partition on a new mount point.
mkdir Mount point
In this example, run the following command to create the /opt mount point:
mkdir /opt
Run the following command to mount the new partition:
mount Disk partition Mount point
In this example, run the following command to mount the new partition /dev/vda2 on /opt:
mount /dev/vda2 /opt
Note
If the new partition is mounted on a directory that is not empty, the subdirectories and files in the directory will be hidden. Therefore, you are advised to mount the new partition on an empty directory or a new directory. If the new partition must be mounted on a directory that is not empty, move the subdirectories and files in this directory to another directory temporarily. After the partition is successfully mounted, move the subdirectories and files back.
Run the following command to view the mount result:
df -TH
Information similar to the following is displayed:
[root@ecs-2220 ~]# df -TH Filesystem Type Size Used Avail Use% Mounted on /dev/vda1 ext4 43G 2.0G 39G 5% / devtmpfs devtmpfs 509M 0 509M 0% /dev tmpfs tmpfs 520M 0 520M 0% /dev/shm tmpfs tmpfs 520M 7.2M 513M 2% /run tmpfs tmpfs 520M 0 520M 0% /sys/fs/cgroup tmpfs tmpfs 104M 0 104M 0% /run/user/0 /dev/vda2 ext4 43G 51M 40G 1% /opt
Note
If the server is restarted, the mounting will become invalid. You can set automatic mounting for partitions at system start by modifying the /etc/fstab file. For details, see Setting Automatic Mounting at System Start.
Setting Automatic Mounting at System Start¶
Modify the fstab file to set automatic disk mounting at server start. You can also set automatic mounting for the servers containing data. This operation will not affect the existing data.
The following procedure shows how to set automatic disk mounting at server start by using UUIDs to identify disks in the fstab file. You are advised not to use device names to identify disks in the file because a device name may change (for example, from /dev/vdb1 to /dev/vdb2) during the server stop or start, resulting in improper server running after restart.
Note
UUID is the unique character string for disk partitions in a Linux system.
Run the following command to query the partition UUID:
blkid Disk partition
In this example, run the following command to query the UUID of the /dev/vdb1 partition:
blkid /dev/vdb1
Information similar to the following is displayed:
[root@ecs-test-0001 ~]# blkid /dev/vdb1 /dev/vdb1: UUID="0b3040e2-1367-4abb-841d-ddb0b92693df" TYPE="ext4"
The UUID of the /dev/vdb1 partition is displayed.
Run the following command to open the fstab file using the vi editor:
vi /etc/fstab
Press i to enter editing mode.
Move the cursor to the end of the file and press Enter. Then, add the following information:
UUID=0b3040e2-1367-4abb-841d-ddb0b92693df /mnt/sdc ext4 defaults 0 2
Press Esc, enter :wq, and press Enter.
The system saves the configurations and exits the vi editor.
Perform the following operations to verify the automatic mounting function:
Run the following command to unmount the partition:
umount Disk partition
In this example, run the following command:
umount /dev/vdb1
Run the following command to reload all the content in the /etc/fstab file:
mount -a
Run the following command to query the file system mounting information:
mount | grep Mount point
In this example, run the following command:
mount | grep /mnt/sdc
If information similar to the following is displayed, automatic mounting has been configured:
root@ecs-test-0001 ~]# mount | grep /mnt/sdc /dev/vdb1 on /mnt/sdc type ext4 (rw,relatime,data=ordered)